Find out what you know about these intersections with this quiz. Religion, violence, and war have histories as long as the existence of humankind-and, at times, all three have been closely intertwined. Hence, even if one accepts that the Qurʾānic corpus authentically documents the preaching of Muhammad, taken by itself it simply does not provide sufficient information for even a concise biographical sketch. However, the text provides no dates for any of the historical events it alludes to, and almost none of the Qurʾānic messenger’s contemporaries are mentioned by name (a rare exception is at 33:37). These are sometimes linked with place-names, such as the passing reference to a victory at a place called Badr at 3:123. Other passages mention military encounters between Muhammad’s followers and the unbelievers. Certain verses assume that Muhammad and his followers dwell at a settlement called al-madīnah (“the town”) or Yathrib (e.g., 33:13, 60) after having previously been ousted by their unbelieving foes, presumably from the Meccan sanctuary (e.g., 2:191). The Qurʾān yields little concrete biographical information about the Islamic Prophet: it addresses an individual “messenger of God,” whom a number of verses call Muhammad (e.g., 3:144), and speaks of a pilgrimage sanctuary that is associated with the “valley of Mecca” and the Kaʿbah (e.g., 2:124–129, 5:97, 48:24–25). Learn about the life of Mohammad, the founder of Islam Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
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